Mapping the Heterogeneous Phenotype of Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder Using Normative Models

Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are severe and complex brain disorders characterized by substantial clinical and biological heterogeneity. However, case-control studies often ignore such heterogeneity through their focus on the average patient, which may be the core reason for a lack of robust biomarkers indicative of an individual's treatment response and outcome.To investigate the degree to which case-control analyses disguise...