Upregulation of Proinflammatory Bradykinin Peptides in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Rheumatoid Arthritis

Our recent study has implicated bradykinin (BK) signaling as being of pathogenic importance in lupus. This study aims to investigate the biomarker potential of BK peptides, BK and BK-des-arg-9, in lupus and other rheumatic autoimmune diseases. Sera from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients and healthy subjects were screened for BK and BK-des-arg-9 by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry metabolomics. Serum from 6-mo-old C57BL/6 mice...