Component skills that underpin listening comprehension and reading comprehension in learners with English as first and additional language

Aims The primary aim of this study is to augment our understanding of the component skills that underpin second‐language learners' text comprehension by examining the direct and indirect roles of vocabulary knowledge and grammatical skills in second‐language learners' listening and reading comprehension. Methods Our sample included 134 learners with English as an additional language (EAL) and 74 with English as first language (EL1) ( M age =...