Association between the arrested decline in cardiovascular disease and health and social-care costs: a modelling study

BackgroundDementia and cardiovascular disease generate enormous health and social-care costs and have shared risk factors. Following decades of cardiovascular disease mortality declines in England, improvements slowed after 2011. We investigated the potential economic implications of this slowdown.MethodsWe used the IMPACT better aging model—an open-cohort, stochastic Markov model. We synthesised trends in cardiovascular disease incidence and...