Estimators Used in Multisite Healthcare Costing Studies in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Simulation Study

BackgroundIn low- and middle-income countries, multisite costing studies are increasingly used to estimate healthcare program costs. These studies have employed a variety of estimators to summarize sample data and make inferences about overall program costs.ObjectiveWe conducted a systematic review and simulation study to describe these estimation methods and quantify their performance in terms of expected bias and variance.MethodsWe reviewed...