The Efficacy of Prebiotic, Probiotic, and Synbiotic Supplementation in Modulating Gut-Derived Circulatory Particles Associated With Cardiovascular Disease in Individuals Receiving Dialysis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

This systematic review and meta-analyses provide an up-to-date synthesis on the effects of supplementation on circulating levels of toxic metabolites, markers of uremia and inflammation, blood lipids, and other clinical outcomes.Seventeen databases were searched, supplemented with internet and hand searching. Randomized controlled trials of adult end-stage renal-disease individuals receiving either hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis were...