Enantioselective mixture toxicity of the azole fungicide imazalil with the insecticide α-cypermethrin in Chironomus riparius: Investigating the importance of toxicokinetics and enzyme interactions

The fungicide imazalil is a chiral compound with one R- and one S-enantiomer. Enantiomers, while having the same chemical properties, can differ in their biological activity expressed as efficacy/toxicity as well as in their degradation kinetics and pathways. Azoles such as imazalil have been shown to synergize the effect of pyrethroid insecticides like α-cypermethrin through inhibition of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase responsible for pyrethroid...