A System Dynamics Model to Evaluate Effects of Retailer-Led Recycling Based on Dual Chains Competition: A Case of e-Waste in China

China, as the largest electronic waste producer in the world, is facing a critical challenge to manage its negative impacts on the environment. Hence, e-waste management is crucial for sustainable Chinese economic development. In this paper, a system dynamics model is adopted to identify the effects of retailer-led recycling based on closed-loop dual chains competition. The influence of contracts made by manufacturers on different retail modes...