Defective Inflammatory Pathways in Never-Treated Depressed Patients Are Associated with Poor Treatment Response

Inflammation has been involved in the pathophysiology and treatment response of major depressive disorder (MDD). Plasma cytokine profiles of 171 treatment-naive MDD patients (none of the MDD patients received an adequate trial of antidepressants or evidence-based psychotherapy) and 64 healthy controls (HCs) were obtained. MDD patients exhibited elevated concentrations of 18 anti- and proinflammatory markers and decreased concentrations of 6...