Treatment with anti-programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) antibody restored postoperative CD8+ T cell dysfunction by surgical stress

Millions of patients benefit from surgery and are exposed to surgical stress. However, ample studies suggest that surgical stress contributes to tumor recurrence or distant metastases. Surgical stress suppresses CD8+ T cells (CTL) function which is vital for eliminating the malignant cells. Anti-programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) therapy is an effective and safe treatment that increases survival rate of patients with multiple cancers, however,...