Radical surgery for renal-cell carcinoma: caval neoplastic excision, adrenalectomy, lymphadenectomy, adjacent organ resection

A radical nephrectomy typically includes early ligation of the renal vessels, excision of the kidney and perinephric tissue, a regional lymphatenectomy, and an adrenalectomy. More controversial may be excision of supradiaphragmatic caval neoplastic extension and adjacent organ resection. Although survival is low in these unfavorable groups of patients, some patients may benefit from the extensive local resection of tumor, including...