Health and financial burden of adverse childhood experiences in England and Wales: a combined primary data study of five surveys

Objective To estimate the health and financial burden of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) in England and Wales. Design The study combined data from five randomly stratified cross-sectional ACE studies. Population attributable fractions (PAFs) were calculated for major health risks and causes of ill health and applied to disability adjusted life years (DALYs), with financial costs estimated using a modified human capital method. Setting...