Abnormalities in metabolic pathways in celiac disease investigated by the metabolic profiling of small intestinal mucosa, blood plasma and urine by NMR spectroscopy

Celiac disease (CeD) is an autoimmune enteropathy caused by gluten intake in genetically predisposed individuals. We investigated the metabolism of CeD by metabolic profiling of intestinal mucosa, blood plasma and urine using NMR spectroscopy and multivariate analysis. The metabolic profile of the small intestinal mucosa was compared between patients with CeD ( n = 64) and disease controls (DCs, n = 30). The blood plasma and urinary metabolomes...