Estimating effects on changes in health outcomes using scores – An alternative visualization

Epidemiologists often try to estimate the effect of an exposure on change in health, a goal that applies to, at least partially, many situations. For example, they may study the effects: of education on deterioration of cognitive function in later life; of e-cigarette use cessation on change in weight; or of waist circumference on functional and physical decline. Here we focus on continuous outcomes and change between two time points, but our...