Beta-Distribution-Based Knock Probability Estimation, Control Scheme, and Experimental Validation for SI Engines

The fuel efficiency and power output of spark ignition (SI) engines are closely related to the spark timing. Advancing the spark timing is usually used as an approach to increase the efficiency. However, under some operating conditions, advanced spark timing can trigger abnormal combustion, which causes knocking. To avoid cylinder damage and to increase the engine efficiency, feedback control, which addresses the knocking phenomenon as a...