Effect of technological developments for smartphone lithium battery on metal-derived resource depletion and toxicity potentials

Smartphone technology development has led to a phenomenal increase in its use worldwide, triggering the development of efficient and safe lithium batteries to support advanced smartphones. Lithium ion batteries have many advantages such as high energy density, long lifetime, small size, low weight, no memory effect, and a slow loss of energy. Since new lithium batteries have been continually developed along with new smartphones, the batteries...