Development of the Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Body Image Concerns Questionnaire

Background The implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) is the first-line treatment for the prevention of sudden cardiac death. Although most ICD recipients adapt well to living with the device, some struggle with ICD-related body image concerns (BICs). Because of lack of standardized questionnaires to assess BICs, we do not know the prevalence. Objective The aim of this study was to develop a questionnaire that assesses self-reported...