Opiate and Tobacco Use and Exposure to Carcinogens and Toxicants in the Golestan Cohort Study

Background: There is little information on human exposure to carcinogens and other toxicants related to opiate use, alone or in combination with tobacco. Methods: Among male participants of the Golestan Cohort Study in Northeast Iran, we studied 28 never users of either opiates or tobacco, 33 exclusive cigarette smokers, 23 exclusive users of smoked opiates, and 30 opiate users who also smoked cigarettes (dual users; 21 smoked opiates and 9...