Zig Zag AFM Protocol Reveals New Intermediate Folding States of Bacteriorhodopsin

Membrane proteins play a crucial role in cellular systems, performing diverse tasks including transport, signal transduction, surface adhesion, and catalysis. Although ∼30% of the proteins encoded by the human genome are either transmembrane or monotopic membrane proteins, the majority of pharmaceutical compounds are targeted toward membrane proteins simply because they are much more accessible than intracellular targets. Despite the importance...