Escapement mechanisms: Efficient free energy transduction by reciprocally‐coupled gating

Conversion of the free energy of NTP hydrolysis efficiently into mechanical work and/or information by transducing enzymes sustains living systems far from equilibrium, and so has been of interest for many decades. Detailed molecular mechanisms, however, remain puzzling and incomplete. We previously reported that catalysis of tryptophan activation by tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase, TrpRS, requires relative domain motion to re-position the...