Bayesian spatial modeling to incorporate unmeasured information at road segment levels with the INLA approach: A methodological advancement of estimating crash modification factors

Estimating safety effectiveness of roadway improvements and countermeasures, using cross-sectional models, generally requires large amounts of data such as road geometric and traffic-related characteristics at road segment levels. These models do not consider all confounding crash contributory factors such as driving culture and environmental conditions at the segment level due to a lack of readily available data. This may result in inaccurate...