Early detection of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma by measuring the abnormal urinary fragmentation ratios of kininogen

Background null Intact kininogen (KNG), the precursor of kinin that originates from the liver, is fragmented by proteases. A recent research showed an increase in the serum levels of KNG fragments in cancer patients (pts), which were possibly produced by proteases in the tumor microenvironment. We hypothesized that urinary excretion of KNG fragments would also be elevated in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) pts. This study was conducted...