Graphitic carbon materials extracted from spent carbon cathode of aluminium reduction cell as anodes for lithium ion batteries: Converting the hazardous wastes into value-added materials

Spent carbon cathode (SCC), a hazardous solid waste generated from the primary aluminium industry, is successfully purified by a graphitization process to eliminate the environmental damage. The purity of as-abtained carbon from SCC increases from 63.64% to 100% and shows uniform and high graphitization, the fine graphitized carbon with defects, the partial hollow structures, the slightly expanded interlamellar spacing (0.34–0.37 nm) and a small...