A lower duodenal immune response is associated with an increase of insulin resistance in patients with morbid obesity

The intestinal immune response could play an important role in obesity-related comorbidities. We aim to study the profile of duodenal cytokines and chemokines in patients with morbid obesity (MO), its relation with insulin resistance (IR) and the intake of metformin, and with the evolution of MO after sleeve gastrectomy (SG). Duodenal levels of 24 cytokines and 9 chemokines were analyzed in 14 nonobese and in 54 MO who underwent SG: with lower...