Advances in direct reprogramming and its future clinical application using a protein-based cell engineering system

Direct reprogramming is a promising technology in regenerative medicine. However, there is no report on the clinical applications of cells prepared by direct reprogramming. In the current review, we describe direct reprogramming methods of somatic cells to hepatocytes, pancreatic ?-cells, cardiomyocytes, and endothelial cells. Next, we discuss current issues that should be clarified for their future clinical applications. As the most...