Propensity Score Analysis in Non‐Randomized Experimental Designs: An Overview and a Tutorial Using R Software

Propensity score analysis is a statistical method that balances pre-existing differences across treatment conditions achieving a similar condition as randomization and thus, allowing the estimation of causal effects in non-randomized experimental designs. The four stages in propensity score analysis are (1) propensity score estimation, (2) equating or balancing procedures, (3) balance checking, and (4) outcome analysis. Each stage is explained...