Attribution of ocean temperature change to anthropogenic and natural forcings using the temporal, vertical and geographical structure

We examine whether significant changes in ocean temperatures can be detected in recent decades and if so whether they can be attributed to anthropogenic or natural factors. We compare ocean temperature changes for 1960–2005 in four observational datasets and in historical simulations by atmosphere-ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs) from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5). Observations and CMIP5 models show that the...