S23. The Neurobiological Substrates of Uncertain and Certain Threat

When extreme, anxiety—a sustained state of elevated apprehension, arousal, and vigilance in response to uncertain threat—can be debilitating. Anxiety disorders are common and challenging to treat, yet the underlying neurobiology remains poorly understood. Although considerable progress has been made using animal models, the translational significance of these discoveries remains unclear. Existing human neuroimaging work is limited by small...