Mathematical model for coffee extraction based on the volume averaging theory

Coffee extraction is a complex mass transfer process that takes place between hot water and ground coffee beans when the water passes through a bed of coffee grounds. In this study, a general set of macroscopic governing equations for coffee extraction was derived using the volume averaging theory. Moreover, lumped parameter analytical solutions for the extraction of drip coffee, espresso coffee, and immersion-brewed coffee (e.g., siphon coffee)...