The failing cascade: Comorbid post traumatic stress- and opioid use disorders

Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a mounting public health problem with substantial morbidity and mortality. Stress involvement in the course of OUD is generally accepted, but little is understood about the underlying neurobiological mechanisms in part due to a lack of laboratory-based models for chronic stress exposure. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may be construed as a psychopathological prototype of chronic stress owing to the essential...