A Dynamic Surface Gateway Placement Scheme for Mobile Underwater Networks

Deployment of surface-level gateways holds potential as an effective method to alleviate high-propagation delays and high-error probability in an underwater wireless sensor network (UWSN). This promise comes from reducing distances to underwater nodes and using radio waves to forward information to a control station. In an UWSN, a dynamic energy efficient surface-level gateway deployment is required to cope with the mobility of underwater nodes...