Precision health: treating the individual patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is defined based on a reduced ratio of forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) to forced vital capacity (FVC) on spirometry. However, within this definition, there is significant heterogeneity of pathophysiological processes that lead to airflow obstruction and variation in phenotypic manifestations across patients. Current pharmacological treatments are based on large randomised clinical trials...