Friction factor for turbulent open channel flow covered by vegetation

The need for operational models describing the friction factor f in streams remains undisputed given its utility across a plethora of hydrological and hydraulic applications concerned with shallow inertial flows. For small-scale roughness elements uniformly covering the wetted parameter of a wide channel, the Darcy-Weisbach f = 8( u * / U b ) 2 is widely used at very high Reynolds numbers, where u * is friction velocity related to the surface...