Association of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors with long-term outcomes in patients with systolic heart failure and moderate-to-severe kidney function impairment

Purpose Although guidelines recommend that patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) should be treated with renin-angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors, the long-term efficacy of RAS inhibitors in HFrEF patients with moderate-to-severe chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains unclear. Methods The present study included consecutive patients hospitalized for acute heart failure across five Japanese teaching hospitals. The impact...