Theta-burst stimulation and prefrontal regulation of cardiovascular autonomic outputs: the role of state anxiety

Cortical regions including the prefrontal and insular cortices may be involved in tonic regulation of cardiovascular autonomic outflows. Yet, the neurophysiological mechanisms of how the cortex exerts this top-down control remains unclear. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) may be a promising approach to assess functional relationships between the cortex and visceromotor effectors. However, there is inconsistent evidence as to whether TMS...