Emerging Ethical Challenges Raised by the Evolution of Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation

Background. Despite early skepticism, the field of vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA) has demonstrated feasibility. The ethics of VCA have moved past doubts about the morality of attempting such transplants to how to conduct them ethically. Methods. Leaders of each program performing and/or evaluating VCA in the United States were invited to participate in a working group to assess the state and future of VCA ethics and policy....