Fluoride distribution and contamination in the water, soil and plants continuum and its remedial technologies, an Indian perspective– a review

Fluorine is an essential element required in trace amounts but gets toxic for human beings at levels more than 1.5 mg F− L−1 primarily through drinking contaminated water. It is the 13th most abundant element and constitutes about 0.06–0.09% in the earth crust. It is electronegative in aqueous medium forming fluoride ion (F−). Fluoride contamination in the environment occurs mostly due to anthropogenic and geogenic sources. Fluoride is widely...