Future climate forcing potentially without precedent in the last 420 million years

The evolution of Earth’s climate on geological timescales is largely driven by variations in the magnitude of total solar irradiance (TSI) and changes in the greenhouse gas content of the atmosphere. Here we show that the slow ∼50 Wm −2 increase in TSI over the last ∼420 million years (an increase of ∼9 Wm −2 of radiative forcing) was almost completely negated by a long-term decline in atmospheric CO 2 . This was likely due to the silicate...