Training Performance of Laparoscopic Surgery in Two- and Three-Dimensional Displays

Introduction. This research investigated differences in the effects of a state-of-art stereoscopic 3-dimensional (3D) display and a traditional 2-dimensional (2D) display in simulated laparoscopic surgery over a longer duration than in previous publications and studied the learning effects of the 2 display systems on novices. Methods. A randomized experiment with 2 factors, image dimensions and image sequence, was conducted to investigate...