Dissecting the Insect Metabolic Machinery Using Twin Ion Mass Spectrometry: A Single P450 Enzyme Metabolizing the Insecticide Imidacloprid in Vivo

Insecticide resistance is one of the most prevalent examples of anthropogenic genetic change, yet our understanding of metabolic-based resistance remains limited by the analytical challenges associated with rapidly tracking the in vivo metabolites of insecticides at nonlethal doses. Here, using twin ion mass spectrometry analysis of the extracts of whole Drosophila larvae and excreta, we show that (i) eight metabolites of the neonicotinoid...