Rational design of all-solid-state ion-selective electrodes and reference electrodes

Potentiometric sensing, which requires the use of ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) and reference electrodes, is used to determine electrochemically the concentration of target ions in a variety of chemical environments. In view of the need for more affordable and portable analytical devices with small sample volumes, all-solid-state ISEs and reference electrodes, in which a solid contact is used as ion-to-electron transducer, are highly...