Injection drug use and crack cocaine smoking: independent and dual risk behaviors for HIV infection

Previous studies have examined the practices of injecting drugs or smoking crack cocaine as high-risk, but independent, factors for HIV transmission. To explore the independent and dual risks of injection practices and crack smoking, this study examined HIV seroprevalence rates among distinct drug user groups, based on patterns of daily administration. A sample of 3555 drug users and neighborhood controls in urban Miami, FL and rural Belle Glade...