Vitamin D3 modulates the function of chicken macrophages

Vitamin D3 is known to modulate both innate and adaptive immune responses in mammals, but there is little information on its effects on avian immune system cells. Here, we studied the effects of vitamin D3 on chicken macrophages. Chicken macrophages expressed vitamin D receptor (VDR) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation increased their VDR expression. Macrophages were treated with 1,25(OH)2D3 in the presence or absence of Toll-like receptor...