The measurement of effort–reward imbalance at work: European comparisons

Using comparative data from five countries, this study investigates the psychometric properties of the effort–reward imbalance (ERI) at work model. In this model, chronic work-related stress is identified as non-reciprocity or imbalance between high efforts spent and low rewards received. Health-adverse effects of this imbalance were documented in several prospective and cross-sectional investigations. The internal consistency, discriminant...