High Glucose–Induced Apoptosis in Human Endothelial Cells Is Mediated by Sequential Activations of c-Jun NH ₂ -Terminal Kinase and Caspase-3

Diabetes mellitus causes multiple cardiovascular complications. High glucose can induce reactive oxygen species and apoptosis in endothelial cells. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms in high glucose-induced endothelial cell apoptosis.We elucidated the signaling pathway of high glucose-induced apoptosis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). HUVECs were treated with media containing 5.5, 19, or 33 mmol/L of glucose in the...