Using judgement bias to measure positive affective state in dogs

Interest in the induction and measurement of positive affective states in non-human animals is increasing. Here, we used a test of cognitive (judgement) bias, based on the finding that individuals experiencing different affective states judge ambiguous stimuli differently, to measure whether a positive low arousal affective state (e.g. ‘satisfaction’/‘contentment’) could be induced in domestic dogs as a result of their experiencing a food-based...