Real-time acoustic monitoring and source level estimates of walruses in the northeastern Chukchi Sea using particle velocity sensors

Particle motion sensors measure the vector component of the sound field. In underwater acoustics, they are used for studying the physics of the sound field, evaluating the potential effects of sound on fish, and defining the direction of arrival (DOA) of sound sources. Measuring the DOA in the vertical and horizontal plane allows two separate receivers to localize an acoustic source in three dimensions. In July 2013, we used two custom-built,...