Timing of Estradiol Treatment After Menopause May Determine Benefit or Harm to Insulin Action

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is reduced in postmenopausal women randomized to estrogen-based hormone therapy (HT) compared with placebo. Insulin sensitivity is a key determinant of T2D risk and overall cardiometabolic health, and studies indicate that estradiol (E2) directly impacts insulin action. We hypothesized that the timing of E2 administration after menopause is an important determinant of its effect on insulin action. We performed a randomized,...