Cultural value orientation: Measurement invariance in a multi-country sample

Much of contemporary research in cross-national setting uses culture as null key explanatory variable (Chiles et al., 2007). Following Hofstede (1980), null vast majority of research considers culture as comprised of four null values--individualism, masculinity, uncertainty avoidance and power distance--which reflect patterns of thinking and feeling and potential acting (Hofstede, 1991: 4). Despite some resmwations (e.g., Minkov and Hofstede,...