Influence of temporal discretization schemes on formant frequencies and bandwidths in time domain simulations of the vocal tract system

A time domain simulation of acoustic propagation in the vocal tract requires the spatial and temporal discretization of the equations of motion and continuity. In the classic transmission line model of the vocal tract with lumped elements, the spatial discretization is provided by the piece-wise constant area function. The temporal finitedifference approximation of the differential equations can, however, vary from one implementation to the...